ART OF AVIONICS

INTRODUCTION 

I am Hafiz Zia Ur Rehman studying Bachelor of Engineering  in Avionics from PAF-KIET .
I am the student of 4^th semester in the mentioned degree. As the part of the course requirements we have a tasked to share our experiences and learning related to Avionics Engineering throughout 1^st semester to 4^th semester .All the projects included Theoretical, Practical, Individual, Workshop, Group Projects and it has a lot of achievements too. We had undergone from first semester to the present. 

1st SEMESTER

Hydraulic Truck
The hydraulic system works on the principle of Pascal's law basically states that any pressure applied to a fluid inside a closed system will transmit that pressure equally in all directions throughout the fluid. This law is the basic principle that causes hydraulic power in heavy construction machines to work

Working Principle

The controlled movement of parts or a controlled application of force is a common requirement in the industries. These operations are performed mainly by using electrical machines or diesel, petrol and steam engines as a prime mover. These prime movers can provide various movements to the objects by using some mechanical attachments like screw jack, lever, rack, and pinions etc. However, these are not the only prime movers. The enclosed fluids (liquids and gases) can also be used as prime movers to provide controlled motion and force to the objects or substances. The specially designed enclosed fluid systems can provide both linear as well as rotary motion. The high magnitude controlled force can also be applied by using these systems. This kind of enclosed fluid based systems using pressurized incompressible liquids as transmission media are called as hydraulic systems.                    

2nd SEMESTER

In this project we secured FIRST POSITION .

1-Power Supply 12v 1 amp 

12V power supplies (or 12VDC power supplies) are one of the most common power supplies in use today. In general, a 12VDC output is obtained from a 120VAC or 240VAC input using a combination of transformers, diodes and transistors

Transformer Usage  A secondary winding, electro-magnetically coupled but electrically isolated from the primary is used to obtain an AC voltage of suitable amplitude, and after further processing by the PSU, to drive the electronics circuit it is to supply. The transformer stage must be able to supply the current needed

2-DECIMAL COUNTER:

     A decimal counter is a chip designed to count the number of pulses or events that occur in digital circuits. ... So it would take 11 clock pulses for the chip to reset itself to  zero These counters have limitations for working voltage and clock frequency.

Decade Counter IC 

     It is used in clock circuits, frequency dividers, state machines, and sequencers, just to name a few applications. Decade counters are the combination of logics circuit that counts from 0 to 9 and back to 0 . They are used in registers in many processors to process digital data .

3rd SEMESTER

1-Obstacle Avoidance Robot

An Obstacle Avoidance Robot is an intelligent robot, which can automatically sense and overcome obstacles on its path. It contains of a Microcontroller to process the data, and Ultrasonic sensors to detect the obstacles on its path.

Obstacle avoidance is one of the most important aspects of mobile robotics. Without it robot movement would be very restrictive and fragile. This tutorial explains obstacle avoidance using ultrasonic sensors. This project also presents a dynamic steering algorithm which ensures that the robot does not have to stop in front of an obstacle which allows robot to navigate smoothly in an unknown environment, avoiding collisions.

Working

Before going to working of the project, it is important to understand how the ultrasonic sensor works. The basic principle behind the working of ultrasonic sensor is as follows:Using an external trigger signal, the Trig pin on ultrasonic sensor is made logic high for at least 10µs. A sonic burst from the transmitter module is sent. This consists of 8 pulses of 40KHz.The signals return back after hitting a surface and the receiver detects this signal. The Echo pin is high from the time of sending the signal and receiving it. This time can be converted to distance using appropriate calculations.The aim of this project is to implement an obstacle avoiding robot using ultrasonic sensor and Arduino. All the connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The working of the project is explained below.When the robot is powered on, both the motors of the robot will run normally and the robot moves forward. During this time, the ultrasonic sensor continuously calculate the distance between the robot and the reflective surface.This information is processed by the Arduino. If the distance between the robot and the obstacle is less than 15cm, the Robot stops and scans in left and right directions for new distance using Servo Motor and Ultrasonic Sensor. If the distance towards the left side is more than that of the right side, the robot will prepare for a left turn. But first, it backs up a little bit and then activates the Left Wheel Motor in reversed in direction. Similarly, if the right distance is more than that of the left distance, the Robot prepares right rotation.  This process continues forever and the robot keeps on moving without hitting any obstacle.

2-FM transmitter

The FM transmitter is a low power transmitter and it uses FM waves for transmitting the sound, this transmitter transmits the audio signals through the carrier wave by the difference of frequency. The carrier wave frequency is equivalent to the audio signal of the amplitude and  the FM transmitter  produce VHF band of 88 to 108MHZ

Working 

Audio input from the microphone or any other device is first amplified using the common emitter configuration of BC109.This amplified signal is then given to the oscillator circuit through the coupling capacitor The oscillator circuit generates a signal with a frequency determined by the value of the variable capacitor.The output signal from the emitter of the transistor is coupled to the input of the power amplifier transistor using the coupling capacitor. As this signal is amplified, the variable capacitor in the power amplifier section tends to maintain an output matching with that of oscillator. The amplified RF signal is then transmitted using antenna.

3rd &4th SEMESTER

In this project we secured SECOND POSITION among final year projects as it was matter of proud at that stage

3d Printer

A 3D printer is a type of material design printer that designs and builds 3D models and products of devices and components using an additive manufacturing process.3D printers design three-dimensional prototypes and create the end product by directly building them using computer aided design (CAD) or software-created 3D design diagrams, figures and patterns.3D printers may also be called additive manufacturing printers or fabrication printers. 3D printers are primarily used to build and enable rapid prototyping of three-dimensional objects and structures using direct source files from a 3-D designing application such as AutoCAD. 3D printers employ additive manufacturing, where the printer designs the object by applying sequential layers of raw material to actually print a three-dimensional object.3D printers eliminate the need for further machining or subtracting processes such as cutting and grinding; the final product is built in three dimensions without waste [1].

working 

A typical 3D printer is very much like an inkjet printer operated from a computer. It builds up a 3D model one layer at a time, from the bottom upward, by repeatedly printing over the same area in a method known as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). Working entirely automatically, the printer creates a model over a period of hours by turning a 3D CAD drawing into lots of two-dimensional, cross-sectional layers—effectively separate 2D prints that sit one on top of another, but without the paper in between. Instead of using ink, which would never build up to much volume, the printer deposits layers of molten plastic and fuses them together.

AVIONICS WORKSHOPS 

Baby Bug Glidder

In this workshop  I secured FIRST POSITION

A walk along glider is a lightweight, slow flying model aircraft designed to be kept aloft by controllable slope soaring in the rising air generated by the pilot who walks along with the glider as it flies, usually holding a paddle. Hands or even the forehead can also be used to create an updraft

C-130 PAPER MODELING

In ENGINEERING , a model is a representation of an idea, an object or even a process or a system that is used to describe and explain phenomena that cannot be experienced directly. Models are central to what scientists do, both in their research as well as when communicating their explanations.

Flying An Aircraft

As it flies, a plane is in the center of four forces. Lift (upward force) and thrust (forward push, provided by a propeller) get a plane into the air. Gravity and drag (air resistance, which is friction caused by air rubbing against the plane) try to pull the plane down and slow its speed

DESIGN AND FLYING AN ORNITHOPTER

An ornithopter is a device that flies by flapping wings.

Airplanes have a rotating propeller. Helicopters have a rotary wing that provides both lift and thrust. Instead of rotation, the ornithopter wing imitates the reciprocating motion of a bird's wing. The idea of the ornithopter goes back to ancient times

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN & PAPER MODELING OF AIRBUS A300 FEDEX

Aircraft conceptual design involves sketching and making by hand paper models variety of possible configurations that meet the required design specifications. By drawing a set of configurations, designers seek to reach the design configuration that satisfactorily meets all requirements as well as go hand in hand with factors such as aerodynamics, propulsion, flight performance, structural and control systems.This is called design optimization. Fundamental aspects such as fuselage shape, wing configuration and location, engine size and type are all determined at this stage. Constraints to design like those mentioned above are all taken into account at this stage as well. The final product is a conceptual layout of the aircraft configuration on paper or computer screen, to be reviewed by engineers and other designers.